A History of the Czech Lands

Main authors and editors:

prof. PhDr. Jaroslav Pánek, DrSc., PhDr. Oldřich Tůma, Ph.D.

Authors: PhDr. Jaroslav Boubín, CSc. PhDr. Pavel Cibulka, CSc.

† PhDr. Jan Gebhart, CSc. PhDr. Martina Ondo Grečenková, Ph.D.

PhDr. Jan Hájek, CSc. † doc. PhDr. Josef Harna, CSc.

prof. PhDr. Milan Hlavačka, CSc. prof. PhDr. Jiří Kocian, CSc.

doc. PhDr. Martin Kučera, CSc. prof. PhDr. Jiří Mikulec, CSc.

doc. PhDr. Jiří Pernes, Ph.D. PhDr. Miloslav Polívka, CSc.

prof. PhDr. Eva Semotanová, DrSc. PhDr. Jiří Suk, Ph.D.

prof. PhDr. František Šmahel, DrSc. † PhDr. Dušan Třeštík, CSc.

Mgr. Tomáš Zahradníček, Ph.D. prof. PhDr. Josef Žemlička, DrSc.

Reviewed by:

prof. PhDr. Zdeněk Jirásek, CSc.

(1st edition, 2009)

† prof. PhDr. Josef Petráň, CSc.

† prof. PhDr. Josef Válka, CSc.

Translators: Justin Quinn (Introduction, I–VIII)

Petra Key (IX–XV, XXIII)

Lea Bennis (XVI–XXII)

Published by Charles University,

Karolinum Press

Cover and layout Zdeněk Ziegler

Typesetting DTP Karolinum Press

Second, enlarged edition

© Charles University, 2018

Text © Jaroslav Pánek, Oldřich Tůma et al., 2018

Photography © Archiv bezpečnostních složek; Archiv Univerzity Karlovy;

Biskupství litoměřické; ČTK / Otto Ballon Mierny, Jovan Dezort, Michal Doležal, Jiří Finda, Jan Rychecký, Jan Kouba, Viktor Lomoz, Vladislav Jasiok, Čestmír Jírů, Jaroslav Hejzlar, Koláček, Leoš Nebor, Zdeněk Havelka, Jiří Rublič, Štěpán Šandrik, Jiří Šourek, Karel Kestner, Michal Krumphanzl, Pavel Hroch, Jana Košnárová, Jana Noseková, Libor Zavoral; Fotogen.cz; Galerie Středočeského kraje v Kutné Hoře; Historický ústav AV ČR; Jihomoravské muzeum ve Znojmě; Knihovna Národního muzea; Martin Gojda / ARÚ AV ČR a ZU Plzeň; Moravská galerie; Muzeum Kroměřížska; Národní knihovna ČR; Národní muzeum, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek Wien; Slovenská národná knižnica – Literárny archív; Správa pražského hradu / Jan Gloc; Uměleckoprůmyslové museum v Praze; Vojenský historický ústav, 2018

ISBN 978-80-246-4073-0 (epub)

ISBN 978-80-246-4072-3 (kindle)

ISBN 978-80-246-3135-6 (pdf)

ISBN 978-80-246-1645-2 (print)

Historical emblem of the Bohemian Kingdom. A two-tailed jumping lion was an emblem of the Bohemian Kingdom from the 13th century. It has been used till today as part of the state emblem of the Czech Republic. Engraving from a new edition of the Renewed Land Ordinance for the Bohemian Kingdom from the 18th century.

Vojtěch Preissig’s poster, For Our Republic, We Shall Persevere to the End, from 1918.

Contents

1. Introduction to the second edition

2. I. Territorial Development and the Transformation of Landscape

Eva Semotanová

3. 1 The Formation of the Geographical Core of the Czech State

4. 2 The Bohemian Crown Lands

5. 3 Czechoslovakia in Central Europe

6. 4 The Czech Republic in the Heart of Europe

7. 5 Metamorphoses of the Landscape

8. 6 Landscape of the Czech Lands in the Neolithic Age and Early Medieval Colonization

9. 7 The Great Transformations of the Landscape in the Early Modern Era

10. 8 Landscape in the Time of Industrialization, Urbanization and the Rise of Transport

11. 9 The Landscape in Conflict with Modern Society

12. II. Prehistory and Beginnings of Slavic Settlement (to the 8th Century)

Dušan Třeštík

13. 1 The Significance of the Neolithic Revolution

14. 2 Celts in the Czech Lands

15. 3 The Transmigration of Nations

16. III. Great Moravia and the Beginnings of the State (9th and 10th Centuries)

Dušan Třeštík

17. 1 Beginnings of Great Moravia

18. 2 Great Moravia between Byzantium and the Empire of the Franks

19. 3 Political Unification of the Czech Lands

20. 4 The Crisis of 1000 and Its Resolution

21. IV. The Czech State in the Era of Přemyslid Princes and Kings (from the Beginning of the 11th Century to 1306)

Dušan Třeštík (1) – Josef Žemlička (2–4)

22. 1 Consolidation of the Czech State in the Era of the Princes

23. 2 Royal Titles and Their Historical Significance

24. 3 The Czech Lands in the Time of the Great Colonization

25. 4 The Realm of Přemysl Otakar II and Wenceslas II

26. V. The Expansion of the Czech State during the Era of the Luxemburgs (1306–1419)

Miloslav Polívka

27. 1 The European Dimension of Czech Politics

28. 2 Society and Culture in the Era of the Luxemburgs

29. 3 Before the Revolution

30. VI. The Hussite Revolution (1419–1471)

František Šmahel

31. 1 Beginnings of the Reform Movement

32. 2 The Hussite Wars in the Years 1420–1434

33. 3 The Era of Restoration and Interregnums after Lipany (1434–1452)

34. 4 Kingdom of Two Peoples

35. VII. The Bohemian Crownlands under the Jagiellons (1471–1526)

Jaroslav Boubín

36. 1 The Czech-Hungarian Personal Union

37. 2 The Estates and Society in the Jagiellon Period

38. 3 On the Eve of the European Reformation

39. 4 Education and Culture in the Jagiellon Era

40. VIII. The Czech Estates in the Habsburg Monarchy (1526–1620)

Jaroslav Pánek

41. 1 Integration of the Czech State into the Central European Monarchy of Habsburgs

42. 2 Land of the King and the Estates

43. 3 Society and Culture in the Century Preceding the Thirty Years’ War

44. 4 The Approach of Conflict and the Bohemian Estates Rebellion, 1618–1620

45. IX. Baroque Absolutism (1620–1740)

Jiří Mikulec

46. 1 Constitutional and Social Changes during the Thirty Years’ War

47. 2 Post-War Consolidation and Reconstruction of the Czech Lands

48. 3 The Czech State as an Integral Part of the Habsburg Monarchy

49. 4 Baroque Culture and Society in the Czech Lands

50. X. Enlightened Absolutism and the Birth of a Modern State (1740–1792)

Martina Ondo Grečenková

51. 1 On the Way to the Centralized State

52. 2 Enlightened Absolutism Reforms

53. 3 Czech Enlightenment and the Beginning of the Civic Society

54. XI. The Birth of the Modern Czech Nation (1792–1848)

Jan Hájek – Milan Hlavačka

55. 1 On the Threshold of a New Era in Czech History

56. 2 General Development Features

57. 3 Czech Lands as Part of the Habsburg Monarchy

58. 4 The Beginning of Industrialization

59. 5 Rise of Czech National Movement

60. 6 Spiritual Background. Bohemian and Moravian Revivalist Culture

61. XII. Czechs during the Revolution and Neo-absolutism (1848–1860)

Milan Hlavačka

62. 1 The Rise of the Nations in the Habsburg Monarchy and its Consequences

63. 2 The Birth of Czech Political Representation

64. 3 Two Faces of the Neo-absolutism

65. 4 Neo-absolutist Economic Policy

66. XIII. The Definition of Czech National Society during the Period of Liberalism and Nationalism (1860–1914)

Pavel Cibulka – Jan Hájek – Martin Kučera

67. 1 The Renewal of Constitutional Life and Struggles for State Rights

68. 2 Czechs and Germans – National Struggle’s Aggravation

69. 3 The Economic Rise of the Czech Lands

70. 4 Culture in the Czech Lands in the Second Half of the 19th Century and at the Beginning of the 20th Century

71. XIV. The Czech Lands during the First World War (1914–1918)

Josef Harna

72. 1 Reaction to the Start of the War

73. 2 Foreign Actions

74. 3 The Situation at Home During the War

75. 4 The Balance of Forces

76. 5 The Agony of the Habsburg Empire and the Czechoslovak Resistance

77. XV. First Czechoslovak Republic (1918–1938)

Josef Harna

78. 1 The Building of a State

79. 2 On the Path to Prosperity

80. 3 Cultural Life in the Conditions of Democracy

81. 4 The Economic Crisis Reflected in the Social and Political Spheres

82. 5 The Threat to Democracy

83. XVI. Czechoslovakia in the years after the Munich Agreement and in the Second World War (1938–1945)

Jan Gebhart

84. 1 The Consequences of the Munich Agreement on the Divided Territory

85. 2 The Second Republic

86. 3 The Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia

87. 4 Anti-Nazi Resistance at Home and Abroad

88. 5 Czech Culture during the War

89. 6 The Final Stage of the War and the Restoration of Czechoslovakia

90. XVII. Czechoslovakia between Two Totalitarian Systems (1945–1948)

Jiří Kocian

91. 1 Post-war Changes

92. 2 Life in Post-war Czechoslovakia

93. 3 The Struggle to Maintain Democracy in Czechoslovakia

94. XVIII. The Establishment and First Crisis of the Communist Regime in Czechoslovakia (1948–1958)

Jiří Pernes

95. 1 The Coup d’état of February 1948

96. 2 Fundamental Changes in the Political and Economic Nature of the Country

97. 3 First Crisis of the Communist Regime and Its Resolution

98. XIX. Communist Czechoslovakia on a Journey from a Consolidation of Totalitarianism towards a Liberalization of the Regime (1959–1967)

Jiří Pernes

99. 1 The Consolidation of the Totalitarian Regime in the Late 1950s

100. 2 Attempts to Reform the Economy and Liberalization of the Regime in the Mid-1960s

101. XX. The Half-Life: the Communist Regime’s Greatest Crisis (1967–1971)

Oldřich Tůma

102. 1 The Prague Spring

103. 2 The August Invasion and Its Consequences

104. 3 The Restoration of Order

105. XXI. The Second Consolidation of the Communist Regime and the Descent into Collapse (1972–1989)

Oldřich Tůma

106. 1 The Normalization Regime

107. 2 A New Type of Anti-regime Opposition

108. 3 Degeneration and Collapse

109. XXII. Czechoslovakia’s Return to Democracy (1989–1992)

Jiří Suk

110. 1 The Velvet Revolution

111. 2 Political Development in the Period of Transition (January–June 1990)

112. 3 The 1990 Parliamentary Elections. Seeking a Solution to the Czech-Slovak Question. The Principal Problems of the Renewed Democracy (June 1990–June 1992)

113. 4 Parliamentary Elections 1992. The New Division of Power and the End of the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic (July–December 1992)

114. XXIII. Czech Republic 1993–2004

Tomáš Zahradníček

115. 1 Building on the Czechoslovak Traditions

116. 2 The Main Features of Domestic Political Development

117. 3 Economic Reforms and Disputes over their Evaluation

118. 4 Society in Transformation

119. 5 Attempts at New International Involvement

120. List of Abbreviations

121. List of Illustrations, Tables and Maps

122. Czech Republic, State Representatives

123. Frequently Used Geographical Names

124. Territorial Development of the Czech Lands (Maps)

Introduction to the second edition

At the beginning of May 2004, the Czech Republic joined the European Union. The histories of the individual states in this community are both perceived and known to varying degrees. When the European past is narrated, a small number of states dominate, either because of the extraordinary culture they produced or the power that they wielded; while the others are either occasionally remarked upon or completely overlooked. Nearly every child in primary school knows at least something about the former, while the latter remain vague or utterly unknown even to most educated people. The former are usually and automatically perceived as the axes of any framework of a common European history, while generally speaking even renowned experts have little to say about the latter. To this group belong mainly those states that seem at first glance “young”, including the new members of the European Union. Little is known of them, and thus these countries have no choice but to strive to show that they too have indisputably belonged to Europe for a very long time. Some of these countries at least have the advantage of a name that has not changed for centuries: Poland and Malta, to give two instances, have held the same appellation for over a thousand years and thus they are generally identifiable.

Czechia (Česko) however does not have that advantage. Although the historical lands which constitute it – that is, Bohemia (Čechy), Moravia (Morava) and the southern part of Silesia (Slezsko) – have belonged together for many centuries now, the framework of their state has changed many times in that period. Sometimes the change was profound, on other occasions it was only formal; but each change destabilized these countries in the eyes of Europe. After Great Moravia (Velká Morava; 9th century) there came the Bohemian Principality (České knížectví) whose ruler occasionally donned a royal crown (9th to 12th centuries); and the Bohemian Kingdom (České království; from the end of the 12th century), which in the 14th century spread its territory to the north and took the title of the Crown of the Bohemian Kingdom (Koruna Království českého) or the Bohemian Crown (Česká koruna). In 1526 this state, made up of five crown lands, entered a confederation with the lands of Austria and Hungary, becoming one of the three main parts of the Habsburg Monarchy. After an unsuccessful attempt to re-arrange Europe on the basis of the Estates, in which the Bohemian Confederation was to have a firm place (1619–1620), the Habsburg conception of Central Europe was established. The Czech state was ever more firmly bound to the Viennese governing centre, until the year 1804 when it almost dissolved into the Austrian Empire in the long process of centralization. After the dualistic transformation of the Habsburg monarchy into Austro-Hungary in 1867, Bohemia, Moravia and Czech (at that time Austrian) Silesia became part of the western half of the monarchy, named Cisleithania (Předlitavsko).

Austro-Hungary was defeated in World War I, with Czechoslovaks participating politically and militarily in anti-Habsburg resistance. This enabled the establishment of the independent Czechoslovak Republic (Republika československá), which in the years 1918–1938 became an active element in the system of European states. The Munich Agreement of 29 September 1938 limited this independent state to the reduced Czecho-Slovakia (Česko-Slovensko), which under the pressure of Nazi Germany collapsed with the creation of the Slovak Republic (14 March 1939). The remainder of Bohemian and Moravian territory was occupied by the German army on 15 March 1939, and the following day the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (Protektorát Čechy a Morava; in German, Protektorat Böhmen und Mähren) was established. After liberation by the Soviet and American armies at the beginning of May 1945, the restored Czechoslovak Republic (Československá republika) emerged. As a consequence of a Communist putsch in February 1948, it became one of the satellites of the Soviet Union and in 1960 changed its name to the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (Československá socialistická republika). The federalization of this state led at the beginning of 1969 to the administrative unification of the Czech Lands under the name the Czech Socialist Republic (Česká socialistická republika). The fall of the Communist regime in November 1989 brought several smaller changes to the country’s name: it was now the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic (Česká a Slovenská Federativní Republika), which at the close of 1992 was divided into two independent states through agreement between Czech and Slovak political representatives. On 1 January 1993, our overview of Czech history ends with the birth of the independent Czech Republic (Česká republika).

These regular transformations of the state’s framework paradoxically had little impact on historical Czech territory. The Czech Republic occupies more or less the same tract of land as the territory ruled by the Bohemian princes roughly one thousand years before. It was then, as it is today, inhabited by Slavs who from ancient times took the common appellation of Czechs (Češi) and who – in view of the traditions of the historical lands – sometimes refer to themselves as Czechs, Moravians (Moravané) and Silesians (Slezané). However, important national minorities also lived on this territory, helping to create the history of this space – mainly Germans, Poles and Jews, and in the modern era Romanies and Slovaks. National minorities represent fully fledged subjects of the history of this space, just as all the inhabitants of all the historical lands (including those who for longer periods in the past belonged to the territorially expanded Czech state). This given state of affairs, like the integral connection of Czech history with that of Europe, was crucial to the preparation of this book.

Those who initiated and organized the work, like the authors of individual chapters, are members of two institutes of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic – the Institute of History, which is concerned with the period from the beginning of the Middle Ages to World War II, and the Institute of Contemporary History, which concentrates on research from the 1940s to the contemporary period. The authors are for the most part also lecturers at Charles University in Prague, and in some cases at Masaryk University in Brno. Thanks to this, they were able to exploit their pedagogical experience with university students in drawing up the individual chapters, and so present a text which would have been impossible without the close co-operation of the institutes of the Academy with the foremost Czech universities. The aim of such a large collective of authors was not to continue long-standing, endless debates about the sense, interpretation and periodization of the events of this country’s past, but to present a domestic readership, as well as readerships in several foreign languages, with an overview of Czech history that was as factually accurate and as cogent as possible. They concentrated on the development of the state and the inhabitants with special emphasis on social, cultural and political metamorphoses, as well as religious and national aspects.

Prior to the first edition of the Czech version of this book (2008), there were no single-volume comprehensive histories of the Czech Lands available for the public. Even worse was the absence of a similar work for foreign readers until the extended English version of this book was published (2009). While all our neighbours have already published such works in the main languages, Czech historical writing has lagged behind. It was this gap that motivated our work and in this volume we thus attempted to summarize and present the fruits of recent research on Czech history for a wider public. Given the ever increasing distance from events in modern history that the older generation still remembers, it was possible to supplement this volume with text from the early years of the third millennium.

Since a publication of this kind cannot present all the information that might be expected, we placed especial emphasis on the bibliographies, both to this introduction and the individual chapters. These are not merely lists of all the important works, but a selection of mainly book-length publications that offer syntheses and other approaches, and we combined works that are now classics of the genre as well as more recent research. Apart from major monographs and studies, we also draw attention to books that, while maintaining a reliable standard of expertise, are also accessible to a wider readership thanks to the style in which they were written. Readers, encouraged to study Czech history more deeply as a result of our overview, should find sufficient sources in these bibliographies for their further explorations.

Jaroslav Pánek – Oldřich Tůma

General Bibliography

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I. Territorial Development and the Transformation of Landscape

Bohemian crown lands on the map by Franz Johann Joseph von Reilly from the year 1791. Viennese cartographer F. J. J. Reilly produced the 1:2000000 scale map of the Bohemian crown lands for the atlas Schauplatz der fünf Theile der Welt. The map shows not only Bohemia, Moravia, but also the whole of Silesia, whose major part belonged to Prussia from 1742, and Upper and Lower Lusatia, ceded to Saxony in 1635. The title of the map is adorned with a Rococo cartouche, copperplate.

Excerpt from the e-book